摘 要:目的 探讨儿童左束支传导阻滞(LBBB)的病因、临床特点及预后。方法 回顾分析2013年1月到2018年12月诊断LBBB患儿的临床资料。结果 LBBB患儿43例,男35例、女8例,中位年龄36(9~72)月。其中完全性LBBB 36例,左前分支阻滞7例;心脏增大36例,心功能减低16例。12例为先天性心脏病外科手术(7例为室间隔缺损修补术,5例为复杂先天性心脏病手术),12例室间隔缺损封堵术后,6例为心肌病,4例为心肌炎,4例先天性心脏病术前,3例为无器质性心脏病患儿颅脑外伤及溺水儿童各1例。12例患儿为室间隔缺损封堵术后第1~7日出现LBBB,给予激素、营养心肌等药物治疗后,8例术后早期均恢复,4例治疗后无好转在介入封堵术后第3~8日时取出封堵器及修补室间隔缺损后恢复正常。12例先天性心脏病外科术后出现LBBB,给予激素、营养心肌等药物治疗后,8例患儿恢复正常,3例逐渐进展为III度房室传导阻滞后均植入永久心脏起搏器,1例仍为LBBB;随访时间中位数24(12~49)月,随访结束时,1例室间隔缺损封堵术早期恢复正常随访7个月出现迟发性LBBB;1例复杂先天性心脏病术后仍LBBB,1例暴发性心肌炎仍为LBBB并伴心脏增大及心功能减低;1例2月龄扩张型心肌病合并LBBB因心力衰竭加重而死亡,余儿童无不适,心电图无变化,心功能、 左室射血分数均无显著变化。结论 儿童LBBB最常见的病因为先天性心脏病外科手术及室间隔缺损封堵术后等,临床上应尽早诊断及处理,并且密切随访。
关键词:左束支传导阻滞 治疗 预后 儿童
Analysis of etiology and clinical features of left bundle branch block in 43 children
LI Wei HUANG Ping ZHANG Li WANG Zhouping WANG Yanfei YUAN Jia ZHANG Xu WU Fan XIE Xiaofei
Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University; Department of Electrocardiography, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University;
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the etiology,clinical features and prognosis of left bundle branch block (LBBB) in children.Method The clinical data of children diagnosed with LBBB from January 2013 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were 43 patients with LBBB (35 boys and 8 girls),and the median age was 36 months (9-72 months).There were 36 cases of complete LBBB and 7 cases of left anterior branch block.Cardiac enlargement occurred in 36 cases and cardiac function decreased in 16 cases.Twelve patients had a history of surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD),including ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in 7 cases and complicated CHD in 5 cases.Closure of VSD was performed in 12 cases.There were 6 cases of cardiomyopathy,4 cases of myocarditis,4 cases of CHD before operation,and 3 normal children.There were 1 cases of craniocerebral trauma and 1 cases of drowning.LBBB occurred in 12 cases 1-7 days after the closure of VSD.After treatment with methylprednisolone and myocardial nutrition,8 cases recovered immediately;4 cases were not recovered after treatment,and sinus rhythm was restored after surgical removal of occluder and repair of VSD from 3 to 8 days after interventional occlusion.LBBB was found in 12 cases of CHD after surgery.After treatment with hormones,nourishing myocardium and other drugs,all 8 cases returned to sinus rhythm,1 case still had LBBB;3 cases developed LBBB after repair of VSD,which gradually progressed to degree III atrioventricular block,and permanent cardiac pacemakers were implanted.The median follow-up time was 24 months (12-49 months).One patient returned to normal early after VSD occlusion,but delayed LBBB appeared at 7 months follow-up.At the end of the follow-up,one patient still had LBBB after surgery for complicated CHD and one patient with fulminant myocarditis still had LBBB accompanied by cardiac enlargement and cardiac dysfunction.One case of dilated cardiomyopathy complicated with LBBB died due to aggravation of heart failure at the age of 2 months.The remaining children had no discomfort,no changes in electrocardiogram,no abnormalities in cardiac function and left ventricular ejection fraction.Conclusions The most common causes of LBBB in children are surgery for CHD and closure of VSD.Clinical diagnosis and treatment should be made as soon as possible,and close follow-up shouldbe conducted.
Keyword:
left bundle branch block; treatment; prognosis; child;
左束支传导阻滞(left bundle branch block,LBBB)指希氏束及浦肯野氏纤维紊乱时导致出现体表心电图特征性改变,心电图主要表现为心肌传导及激动异常引起左侧导联出现宽大畸形的QRS波群。研究表明,人群LBBB的发病率低于1%,儿童发病率更低,多见于有基础心脏病者,少见于心脏结构正常者[1]。由于LBBB可导致左心室收缩不同步,最终导致心脏扩大及心力衰竭,目前在临床上越来越受到重视。不同病因所致LBBB的预后不尽相同。本文回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年12月诊断为LBBB的患儿的病因及临床特点,为进一步早期诊断治疗及评估预后提供依据。
1 临床资料
2013年1月至2018年12月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心住院或门诊诊断为LBBB的患儿43例。排除预激综合征、心室起搏、室性心动过速及加速性室性自主心律等相关疾病。完全性LBBB诊断标准:①<4岁儿童QRS波时限>90 ms,4~16岁儿童QRS波时限>100 ms,成人QRS波时限≥120 ms;②V1、V2 导联呈QS或rS型;③V1、V2、V5、V6、I、aVL6个导联中必须有2个以上导联QRS 波形态中间有顿挫或者切迹;④S-T段和T波与QRS波群主波方向相反。不完全LBBB诊断标准:儿童QRS时限为80~100 ms[2]。左前分支阻滞诊断标准:电轴呈重度左偏(-90°~-30°);Ⅰ、aVL导联有Q波;QRS时限无明显延长(<120 ms)。左后分支阻滞诊断标准:电轴右偏(+120°~+180°);Ⅰ、aVL导联呈rS型;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF 导联呈qR型;QRS时限不延长。
43例LBBB儿童中,男35例、女8例,中位年龄36.0(9.0~72.0)月,年龄范围0.5~216个月。中位随访时间24(12~49)月,随访超过24个月36例(85.7%)。心电图提示完全性LBBB 36例,左前分支阻滞7例,无左后分支阻滞。超声心动图提示心脏增大36例 (83.7%),心功能减低16例(37.2%)。
43例儿童中,12例为先天性心脏病外科手术后出现LBBB;中位年龄1.5(1.0~14.0)月;中位体质量4.8(3.8~10.0)kg。其中7例为室间隔缺损(ventricular septal defect,VSD)修补术后,合并中、重度肺动脉高压;5例为复杂先天性心脏病手术后,包括完全性大动脉转位合并VSD 2例,完全性房室隔缺损1例,右室双出口合并VSD已行一期双向Glenn术后1例及主动脉狭窄1例。12例为VSD封堵术后出现LBBB(图1A、B),中位年龄36.0(22.5~54.3)月;中位体质量14.3(9.4~14.4)kg。其中8例为经导管VSD封堵术,VSD直径范围为2.0~9.0 mm;4例为经胸小切口VSD封堵术,VSD直径范围为4.0~5.3 mm;所用封堵器类型中9例为对称型,3例为非对称。6例为心肌病,中位年龄42.0(7.3~81.0)月,其中扩张型心肌病4例,左室心肌致密化不全1例及心内膜心肌病1例。4例为心肌炎,中位年龄102.0(33.8~168.0)月,其中暴发性心肌炎2例。4例先天性心脏病术前,包括左室流出道狭窄(重度)合并先天性二尖瓣狭窄1例,三尖瓣下移畸形1例,肺动脉瓣狭窄1例及动脉导管未闭1例。3例为无器质性心脏病患儿,1例为颅脑外伤及1例溺水儿童。
图1 VSD封堵术后心电图表现
A.VSD封堵术后出现完全性LBBB;B.VSD封堵术后出现不完全LBBB;C.VSD封堵术后LBBB,取出封堵器及VSD修补术后LBBB消失
对于12例VSD介入封堵术及12例先天性心脏病外科手术后新发生的LBBB,均用甲基泼尼松龙每日15 mg/kg连用5~7天,同时动态观察心电图变化。12例先天性心脏病术后患儿,其中3例VSD修补术后出现LBBB经药物治疗后无好转,进展为Ⅲ度AVB后植入永久心脏起搏器;1例仍为LBBB,目前仍继续随访。另外8例患儿经过激素及营养心肌治疗恢复窦性心律,复查24 h动态心电图未见异常。12例VSD封堵术后出现LBBB的患儿,予激素减轻水肿及营养心肌治疗,其中8例均术后1周内恢复窦性心律,有1例VSD封堵术后7个月出现迟发性LBBB;另4例LBBB患儿经药物治疗后仍无好转,在封堵术后第3~8天取出封堵器及修补VSD后均恢复窦性心律(图1C、图2)。4例心肌炎中出现完全性LBBB,经大剂量甲基泼尼松龙每日10~15mg/kg 冲击治疗3天,继以口服泼尼松每日2mg/kg,逐渐减停。4例心肌炎中,2例暴发性心肌炎均安装临时起搏器治疗及大剂量丙种球蛋白及激素治疗,1例治疗后恢复正常,1例暴发性心肌炎仍为LBBB并伴心脏增大及心功能减低。6例心肌病中均给予抗心力衰竭治疗。1例颅脑外伤及1例溺水患儿经治疗均恢复正常。随访结束时,其中1例2月龄扩张型心肌病因心力衰竭加重而死亡。4例先天性心脏病术前及3例无器质性心脏病患儿随访发现LBBB,均未予特殊处理,目前尚无症状,仍密切随访。
2 讨论
LBBB在成人多见于冠状动脉疾病、高血压、心肌病及经导管主动脉瓣置换术等。儿童LBBB常见病因为结构性心脏病,而且多见于急性心肌损伤所致,如心外科手术、VSD介入封堵手术、心肌炎、心肌病及心肌缺血、心肌梗死等[3-4],LBBB少数是良性的。临床上对于LBBB诊断主要依靠标准十二导联心电图及超声心动图等检查,LBBB因左室收缩不同步可导致心脏增大及心功能减低[5]。
图2 VSD封堵术后LBBB心脏彩超表现
A.心功能减低;B.左心室增大
本组43例LBBB患儿中,最常见病因为先天性心脏病外科手术及VSD封堵术,占24例(55.8%)。对于先天性心脏病外科手术而言,修补VSD易损伤房室结及附近左、右束支,可能出现为LBBB或者Ⅲ度AVB。VSD封堵术后出现LBBB,其可能机制与手术操作中导丝、导管及封堵器形态影响心脏传导系统有关。国外学者系统综述分析表明,VSD外科手术及VSD封堵术后易出现心律失常,但发生率不高,尤其应注意完全性AVB[6]。对于外科手术后经治疗后仍进展Ⅲ度AVB患儿,及时植入永久起博器有助于维护心功能正常[7]。2015年我国常见儿童先心病介入治疗专家共识指出[8],对于VSD封堵术后出现LBBB或AVB,及时应用药物治疗可减轻术后心肌的水肿和传导系统的损伤。本研究显示,完全性LBBB也是VSD介入治疗的严重并发症之一,VSD封堵术后早、中期均有可能发生完全性LBBB,应重视VSD封堵术后定期心电图及动态心电图检查。本研究表明,对于早期出现的完全性LBBB经及时诊治后,绝大部分可恢复窦性心律;1例VSD封堵术后早期出现LBBB,经过药物治疗恢复窦性心律,随访过程中封堵术后7个月发现迟发性LBBB,提示对于术后早期即使恢复正常的LBBB,仍需要密切随访,该患儿在本研究随访结束尚未发现心功能减低及心脏增大。本研究与国内学者研究结果类似[9-10]。研究发现,对于VSD封堵术后早期出现CLBBB的患儿,术后给予糖皮质激素可能有效;若无效,可选择手术取出封堵器,但有发生完全性AVB的风险[11]。因此为了减少VSD 介入封堵术后LBBB,VSD术前须严格掌握介入封堵适应证,术中选择型号适合封堵器及操作轻柔。对术后早期出现完全性LBBB患儿,即使恢复正常,均需长期随访观察。由于持续存在的完全LBBB 可致心肌收缩不同步引起心功能不全,一旦出现左心室增大,治疗上比较困难[11]。国内外研究发现,心脏再同步化治疗适合完全性LBBB合并心力衰竭患儿,有助于恢复心室同步化收缩,改善心功能[12-13]。
其他LBBB常见原因为心肌病及心肌炎,心肌病治疗期间出现新发LBBB可能提示心肌严重病变影响传导系统,因出现心肌不同步导致心力衰竭更加严重[14-15],是预后较差的表现。我国儿童心肌炎诊治建议,对于暴发性心肌炎导致LBBB或Ⅲ度AVB引起血流动力学不稳定,可通过及时安装临时起搏器纠正[16]。本组2例暴发性心肌炎均植入临时起搏器,恢复窦性心律拔除起搏器。而严重的心律失常导致血流动力不稳定往往是暴发性心肌炎危重的表现,需要动态监测心电图才能及时发现[17]。因此临床上对于心肌病、心肌炎患儿应注意监测心功能状况,合并心力衰竭及时给予强心、利尿、扩血管等抗心力衰竭治疗后,心力衰竭加重符合指征者可选择心脏再同步化治疗[13]。对于先天性心脏病术前及无器质性心脏病患儿存在LBBB,国外资料表明暂不需特殊治疗,但仍需定期密切随访[4]。
综上所述,本组诊断为LBBB 43例患儿中,常见病因依次为先天性心脏病外科手术后、VSD封堵术后、心肌病、心肌炎及先天性心脏病术前及无器质性心脏病患儿等。先心病外科手术后出现LBBB,易进展为Ⅲ度AVB,药物治疗效果差,需要安装永久起搏器。VSD封堵术后出现LBBB,多数病例经过激素治疗可恢复正常,若术后1周内仍未恢复,需尽早外科取出封堵器并行修补手术,同时需注意迟发LBBB可能。
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