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芪参益气滴丸治疗气虚血瘀型冠心病并前临床心力衰竭的临床疗效及其对患者心功能的影响研究

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  摘    要:背景前临床心力衰竭(心力衰竭B期)属于早期心力衰竭,目前临床主要采用西药治疗,但并不能达到预期疗效,故选择一种更加有效的治疗方案是目前临床研究的重点。目的 探讨芪参益气滴丸治疗气虚血瘀型冠心病并前临床心力衰竭的临床疗效及其对患者心功能的影响。方法 选取2018年1月至2020年1月北京王府中西医结合医院收治的110例气虚血瘀型冠心病并前临床心力衰竭患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为西医组和中西结合组,各55例。因各组均出现1例脱落病例,故每组54例。西医组患者基于指南采用西药治疗,中西结合组患者在西医组的基础上采用芪参益气滴丸治疗,两组患者均持续治疗4周。比较两组患者的临床疗效、治疗前及治疗后6个月心功能指标[N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)]、6分钟步行距离(6MWD)、中医症候积分及健康调查简表(SF-36)评分,并比较两组患者随访6个月疾病恶化率及死亡率。结果 中西结合组患者临床疗效优于西医组(P <0.05)。治疗后6个月中西结合组患者血清NT-proBNP水平及中医症候积分低于西医组,LVEF高于西医组,LVEDD、LVESD小于西医组,6MWD长于西医组(P <0.05)。两组患者治疗后6个月血清NT-proBNP水平及中医症候积分分别低于本组治疗前,LVEF分别高于本组治疗前,LVEDD、LVESD分别小于本组治疗前,6MWD分别长于本组治疗前(P <0.05)。治疗后6个月中西结合组患者生理职能、生理机能、一般健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康评分高于西医组,躯体疼痛评分低于西医组(P <0.05)。两组患者治疗后6个月生理职能、生理机能、一般健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康评分分别高于本组治疗前,躯体疼痛评分分别低于本组治疗前(P <0.05)。中西结合组患者随访6个月疾病恶化率、死亡率低于西医组(P <0.05)。结论 芪参益气滴丸治疗气虚血瘀型冠心病并前临床心力衰竭的临床疗效确切,可有效改善患者心功能,提高患者生活质量,降低疾病恶化率及死亡率。

  

  关键词:冠心病 前临床心力衰竭 气虚血瘀型 芪参益气滴丸 治疗结果 心功能

  

  Clinical Effect of Qishen Yiqi Dripping Pills in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease Complicated with Pre-clinical Heart Failure Due to Qi Deficiency with Blood Stasis and Its Impact on Cardiac Function of Patients

  

  XU Yan WANG Yinghui LIU Jiangbo

  

  Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beijing Royal Integrative Medicine Hospital;

  

  Abstract:Background Pre-clinical heart failure(heart failure stage B) belongs to early heart failure, western medicine is mainly used in clinical treatment as so far, but the expected curative effect cannot be achieved. Therefore, choosing a more effective treatment scheme is the focus of clinical research at present. Objective To investigate clinical effect of Qishen Yiqi dripping pills in the treatment of coronary heart disease complicated with pre-clinical heart failure due to Qi deficiency with blood stasis and its impact on cardiac function of patients. Methods A total of 110 coronary heart disease patients complicated with pre-clinical heart failure due to Qi deficiency with blood stasis admitted to Beijing Royal Integrative Medicine Hospital from January 2018 to January 2020 were selected as subjects of this study, and they were divided into western medicine group and Chinese and western medicine group according to random number table method, 54 cases in each group because of one case fell off in each group. Patients in western medicine group were given western medicine treatment based on guideline, and patients in Chinese and western medicine group were given Qishen Yiqi dripping pills based on western medicine group, both groups were treated for 4 weeks. Clinical efficacy, cardiac function indexes [N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP),left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter(LVESD), 6 minutes walking distance(6 MWD) ], TCM symptom score and score of 36-Item Short Form Health Survey(SF-36) before treatment and at 6 months after treatment were compared between the two groups, and deterioration rate and mortality after 6 months' follow-up of the two groups were compared. Results Clinical effect of Chinese and western medicine group was better than that of western medicine group(P < 0.05). At 6 months after treatment, serum NT-proBNP level and TCM symptom score of Chinese and western medicine group were lower than those of western medicine group, LVEF was higher than that of western medicine group, LVEDD and LVESD were less than those of western medicine group, 6 MWD was longer than that of western medicine group(P < 0.05). At 6 months after treatment, serum NT-proBNP level and TCM symptom score of the two groups were lower than those before treatment, LVEF was higher than that before treatment, LVEDD and LVESD were less than those before treatment, 6 MWD was longer than that before treatment, respectively(P < 0.05). At 6 months after treatment, scores of physical limitations, physiological function, general health, energy, social function, emotional function, and mental health of Chinese and western medicine group were higher than those of western medicine group, physical pain score was lower than that of western medicine group(P < 0.05). At 6 months after treatment, scores of physical limitations, physiological function, general health, energy, social function, emotional function, and mental health of the two groups were higher than those before treatment,physical pain score of the two groups was lower than that before treatment, respectively(P < 0.05). Deterioration rate and mortality after 6 months' follow-up of Chinese and western medicine group were lower than those of western medicine group(P < 0.05).Conclusion Qishen Yiqi dripping pills has a exactly clinical effect in the treatment of coronary heart disease complicated with pre-clinical heart failure due to Qi deficiency with blood stasis, and can improve cardiac function of patients, promote quality of life, and reduce deterioration rate and mortality.

  

  Keyword:Coronary disease; Pre-clinical heart failure; Qi deficiency with blood stasis; Qishen Yiqi dripping pills; Treatment outcome; Cardiac function;

  

  心力衰竭是各种病因所致心脏病的终末阶段,其中冠心病是导致心力衰竭的常见病因,该疾病具有较高的发病率、致死率,目前临床尚无根治方法,仅能通过预防来延缓病情恶化[1]。前临床心力衰竭(心力衰竭B期)属于早期心力衰竭,指仅出现心脏结构改变但无明显临床表现及症状,若未得到及时诊疗则可逐渐进展为难治性终末期心力衰竭(心力衰竭C、D期),严重者甚至死亡[2]。目前临床主要采用西药治疗前临床心力衰竭,但并不能达到预期疗效,故选择一种更加有效的治疗方案是目前临床研究的重点。中医学认为,冠心病并前临床心力衰竭多为气虚血瘀证,故临床多以益气活血为主要治疗原则[3]。芪参益气滴丸是一种具有益气活血功效的中成药,在治疗心力衰竭上具有较好疗效[4-5],但其治疗气虚血瘀型冠心病并前临床心力衰竭的疗效罕有报道。基于此,本研究旨在探讨芪参益气滴丸治疗气虚血瘀型冠心病并前临床心力衰竭的临床疗效及其对患者心功能的影响,现报道如下。

  

  1 资料与方法

  

  1.1 一般资料

  

  选取2018年1月至2020年1月北京王府中西医结合医院收治的110例气虚血瘀型冠心病并前临床心力衰竭患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为中西结合组和西医组,各55例。因各组均出现1例脱落病例,故每组54例。中西结合组中男34例,女20例;年龄36~74岁,平均(54.7±5.3)岁;合并症:高血压19例(35.2%),糖尿病17例(31.5%),高脂血症15例(27.8%);冠状动脉病变支数:单支34例,双支20例。西医组中男33例,女21例;年龄35~75岁,平均(55.4±5.4)岁;合并症:高血压18例(33.3%),糖尿病16例(29.6%),高脂血症16例(29.6%);冠状动脉病变支数:单支33例,双支21例。两组患者性别(χ2=0.039,P=0.843)、年龄(t=0.680,P=0.498)、高血压发生率(χ2=0.041,P=0.839)、糖尿病发生率(χ2=0.044,P=0.835)、高脂血症发生率(χ2=0.045,P=0.832)、冠状动脉病变支数(χ2=0.039,P=0.843)比较,差异无统计学意义。本研究经北京王府中西医结合医院医学伦理委员会审核批准(伦审:2018003),患者及家属对本研究知情并签署知情同意书。

  

  1.2 纳入、排除及剔除标准

  

  纳入标准:(1)冠心病诊断符合《慢性稳定性心绞痛诊断与治疗指南》[6]中的相关标准,其中冠状动脉病变严重程度是根据Gensini积分进行定量评定:狭窄直径≤25%记1分,26%~50%记2分,51%~75%记4分,76%~90%记8分,91%~99%记16分,100%记32分;(2)前临床心力衰竭诊断符合《中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南2014》[7]中的相关标准;(3)中医证型诊断符合《中药新药临床研究指导原则(试行)》[8]中的气虚血瘀型诊断标准。排除标准:(1)合并严重肝肾疾病者;(2)合并严重器官功能衰竭、血液系统疾病、自身免疫系统疾病、严重感染性疾病以及恶性肿瘤者;(3)既往有心肌梗死病史者;(4)合并严重心律失常、风湿性心脏病、扩张型心肌病、肥厚型心肌病等结构性心脏病者;(5)伴有精神障碍者;(6)数据资料不全者。剔除标准:(1)死亡者;(2)不遵循研究方案者,如纳入研究后未按要求服药,或合并使用本研究禁止使用的中/西药物,或中途自行换药;(3)随访中自然脱落、失访者;(4)自动退出本研究者。

  

  1.3 治疗方法

  

  西医组患者基于《冠心病合理用药指南(第2版)》[9]采用西药治疗,即予以阿司匹林100 mg/d或氯吡格雷75 mg/d;美托洛尔25 mg,2次/d;雷米普利5 mg,1次/d;阿托伐他汀20 mg,1次/d。中西结合组患者在西医组的基础上采用芪参益气滴丸(天士力医药集团股份有限公司生产,批准文号:国药准字Z20030139,规格:0.5 g/袋)治疗,1袋/次,餐后30 min口服,3次/d。两组患者均持续治疗4周,治疗期间患者需忌食辛、辣食物,禁烟酒,并密切观察患者疗效及不良反应,若有不适应则及时入院复查。

  

  1.4 观察指标

  

  1.4.1 临床疗效

  

  根据中医症候疗效判定标准进行疗效评价:以治疗后患者主、次症基本或完全消失,且治疗后疗效指数减少>70%为显效;治疗后患者疗效指数减少>30%~70%为有效;治疗后患者疗效指数减少≤30%为无效[10]。疗效指数=(治疗前中医症候积分-治疗后中医症候积分)/治疗前中医症候积分×100%。

  

  1.4.2 心功能指标

  

  比较两组患者治疗前及治疗后6个月心功能指标[N末端脑钠肽前体(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-pro BNP)、左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(left ventricular end diastolic diameter,LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(left ventricular end systolic diameter,LVESD)]及6分钟步行距离(6 minutes walking distance,6MWD)。操作如下:(1)分别于治疗前及治疗后6个月抽取患者空腹肘静脉血5 ml,2 500 r/min离心15 min(离心半径10 cm),取上清液,置于-80℃冰箱中保存待测。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测患者血清NT-pro BNP水平,具体操作严格按照试剂盒说明书进行。(2)应用美国惠普HP2500心脏彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检测患者治疗前及治疗后6个月LVEF、LVEDD、LVESD。(3)在安静、通风的走廊内标测一段长30 m的水平直线距离,嘱患者来回步行,而后测量其6 min内的步行总距离,即6MWD[11],若患者在此期间出现严重胸闷、气促、胸痛、心律失常等可减慢步行或停止试验。

  

  1.4.3 中医症候积分

  

  比较两组患者治疗前及治疗后6个月中医症候积分,针对心悸、气促、胸闷(痛)、面肢水肿及舌质紫黯5种中医症状进行评分,各症状按照无、轻、中、重分别赋予0、2、4、6分,各症状积分之和即为中医症候积分。

  

  1.4.4生活质量

  

  分别于治疗前及治疗后6个月采用健康调查简表(36-Item Short Form Health Survey,SF-36)[12]评估患者的生活质量,该量表内容包括生理职能、生理机能、躯体疼痛、一般健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康8个维度共36个条目,每个维度总分为100分,分数越高表明患者生活质量越高。

  

  1.4.5 恶化率、死亡率

  

  随访6个月,记录两组患者疾病恶化(疾病进展为心力衰竭C期或D期)及死亡情况。

  

  1.5 统计学方法

  

  应用spss 23.0统计学软件进行数据处理。符合正态分布的计量资料以表示,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验,组内比较采用配对t检验;计数资料以相对数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher's确切概率法;等级资料比较采用秩和检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  

  2 结果

  

  2.1 临床疗效

  

  中西结合组患者临床疗效优于西医组,差异有统计学意义(u=14.562,P<0.001),见表1。

  

  表1 两组患者临床疗效[n(%)]

  

  2.2 心功能指标、中医症候积分

  

  治疗前两组患者血清NT-pro BNP水平、LVEF、LVEDD、LVESD、6MWD及中医症候积分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后6个月中西结合组患者血清NT-pro BNP水平及中医症候积分低于西医组,LVEF高于西医组,LVEDD、LVESD小于西医组,6MWD长于西医组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后6个月血清NT-pro BNP水平及中医症候积分分别低于本组治疗前,LVEF分别高于本组治疗前,LVEDD、LVESD分别小于本组治疗前,6MWD分别长于本组治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。

  

  2.3 SF-36评分

  

  治疗前两组患者生理职能、生理机能、躯体疼痛、一般健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后6个月中西结合组患者生理职能、生理机能、一般健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康评分高于西医组,躯体疼痛评分低于西医组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后6个月生理职能、生理机能、一般健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康评分分别高于本组治疗前,躯体疼痛评分分别低于本组治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3。

  

  2.4 疾病恶化率、死亡率

  

  随访6个月,中西结合组患者疾病恶化率为9.3%(5/54),死亡率为1.9%(1/54);西医组患者疾病恶化率为27.8%(15/54),死亡率为14.8%(8/54)。中西结合组患者随访6个月疾病恶化率(χ2=6.136,P=0.013)、死亡率(P=0.013)低于西医组,差异有统计学意义。

  

  3 讨论

  

  冠心病是冠状动脉粥样硬化致血管腔狭窄或闭塞,从而导致心肌缺血、缺氧或坏死而引发的心脏病[13],患者出现胸闷、胸痛等症状,若不及时处理则可导致病情进一步发展为心力衰竭。心力衰竭是一种慢性、自发性的进展性疾病,分为前心力衰竭(A期)、前临床心力衰竭(B期)、临床心力衰竭(C期)和难治性终末期心力衰竭(D期)4个阶段[14]。既往研究表明,心力衰竭A、B期患者存活率>90%,C、D期患者存活率则较低[15]。冠心病并前临床心力衰竭阶段(B期)是心力衰竭的始动环节,患者虽无明显临床症状,也无新发心肌损伤,但已出现心肌重构[16]。因此,冠心病并前临床心力衰竭的积极治疗极其重要。目前关于心力衰竭的治疗目标不仅仅是改善症状、提高生活质量,关键在于改善心力衰竭早期(A、B期)患者心脏的生物学特性,延缓心肌细胞死亡,阻断神经内分泌系统过度激活,进而抑制疾病恶化[17]。因此,诊断前临床心力衰竭并及时给予相应的干预措施对于延缓患者疾病恶化具有重要的临床意义。

  

  表2 两组患者治疗前及治疗后6个月心功能指标及中医症候积分比较

  

  表3 两组患者治疗前及治疗后6个月SF-36评分比较

  

  根据中医学上的“治未病”理念,前临床心力衰竭重在预防[18]。中医学认为,冠心病并前临床心力衰竭多因气虚、血瘀、寒凝所致,心主血脉,心气虚则心血运行不畅,血涩不通而导致真心痛,因而临床多以益气、通脉、活血为主要治疗原则。芪参益气滴丸是由黄芪、丹参、三七、降香组成,具有益气活血、利水消肿、通络止痛的功效,其中黄芪具有正性肌力及调节血压、血脂等作用;丹参可促进血液循环、减轻炎症反应、消除血瘀;三七可改善血压血脂、抗血小板聚集、保护内皮细胞;降香具有抗血栓、抗血小板聚集、化瘀止血的作用,诸药合用共奏益气通脉、活血止痛之功效[19-20]。近年临床已广泛应用芪参益气滴丸治疗慢性心力衰竭并取得了一定疗效[21],但关于其用于前临床心力衰竭的疗效罕有报道。

  

  本研究结果显示,中西结合组临床疗效优于西医组,随访6个月恶化率、死亡率低于西医组,与徐邦杰等[22]研究结果相似,表明芪参益气滴丸可更有效地提高气虚血瘀型冠心病并前临床心力衰竭患者的临床疗效,降低患者恶化率及死亡率。NT-pro BNP在临床鉴别诊断疾病以及预测治疗效果等方面具有重要作用,而LVEF是临床评估心功能的重要参考指标。本研究结果显示,治疗后6个月中西结合组患者血清NT-pro BNP水平及中医症候积分低于西医组,LVEF高于西医组,LVEDD、LVESD小于西医组,6MWD长于西医组,与王薇[23]研究结果相似,表明芪参益气滴丸可更有效地改善气虚血瘀型冠心病并前临床心力衰竭患者的心功能,减轻中医症状。此外,治疗后6个月中西结合组患者生理职能、生理机能、一般健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康评分高于西医组,躯体疼痛评分低于西医组,与张凯旋等[24]研究结果相似,表明芪参益气滴丸可更有效地改善气虚血瘀型冠心病并前临床心力衰竭患者的生活质量,促进患者康复。

  

  综上所述,芪参益气滴丸治疗气虚血瘀型冠心病并前临床心力衰竭的临床疗效确切,可有效改善患者心功能,提高患者生活质量,降低疾病恶化率及死亡率。但本研究纳入样本量较少,且为单中心研究,此外未详细分析药物作用机制,今后还需要大样本量、多中心研究进一步验证本研究结论。

  

  作者贡献:徐燕进行文章的构思与设计,研究的实施与可行性分析,结果分析与解释,撰写、修订论文,负责文章的质量控制及审校,并对文章整体负责、监督管理;徐燕、王颖辉、刘江波进行数据收集、整理、分析。

  

  本文无利益冲突。

  

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