摘 要:目的 探讨编织铆定技术辅助栓塞治疗颅内破裂不规则宽颈动脉瘤的效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年6月应用编织铆定技术辅助栓塞治疗的36例颅内破裂不规则宽颈动脉瘤的临床资料。结果 36例动脉瘤均成功栓塞,其中26例单纯通过编织铆定技术栓塞,没使用支架、球囊辅助技术,无弹簧圈脱出,编织铆定技术成功率为72.22%;10例(27.78%)经过反复调整,仍然有弹簧圈突入载瘤动脉,给予补救性支架辅助栓塞。术后即刻造影显示动脉瘤完全栓塞29例(90.36%),次全栓塞7例(9.64%)。无术中出血事件,无栓塞事件。36例术后6个月CTA或DSA随访,采用编织铆定技术栓塞26例中,2例瘤颈处部分复发,再次补充栓塞;而使用补救性支架辅助栓塞的10例无复发。结论 对于颅内破裂不规则宽颈动脉瘤,急性期不适合使用支架辅助栓塞时,只要选择好适应证、掌握好技术要点,单根微导管编织铆定技术虽然不能栓塞所有的宽颈不规则动脉瘤,而且有一定的复发率,但能够明显降低急性期支架的使用率,对一些病人达到很好的治疗效果。
关键词:颅内破裂动脉瘤;不规则动脉瘤;宽颈动脉瘤;血管内栓塞术;编织铆定技术;弹簧圈;支架;疗效;
Clinical efficacy of endovascular treatment for ruptured irregular wide-necked
intracranial aneurysms using knitting-riveting embolization technique
ZHU Qing-feng HAO Zheng-heng WANG Feng-wei
Department of Neurosurgery,The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
Abstract:Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of endovascular embolization using knitting-riveting embolization(KRE technique for the patients with ruptured irregular wide-necked intracranial aneurysm(RIW-ICA). Methods The clinical data of 36patients with RIW-ICA who received endovascular treatment using KRE technique from January 2016 to June 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Successful embolization was performed on these 36 patients, of whom 26 patients were embolized only using KRE technique without stent-and balloon-assisted techniques and the successful use rate of KRE technique was 72.22%. The other 10patients(27.78%) received a salvage stent-assisted embolization because the coils protruded into the parent arteries after repeated adjustment of the micro catheters. Immediate postoperative angiography showed that complete embolization was achieved in 29 patients(90.36%) and subtotal embolization in 7(9.64%). There were no intraoperative bleeding events and no embolic events. The follow up by CTA or DSA 6 months after operation showed that partial recurrence at the aneurysm neck occurred in 2 patients of 26 patients who were embolized using KRE technique, and there was no recurrence in 10 patients receiving the salvage stent-assisted embolization.Conclusions For patients with RIE-ICA, when stent-assisted embolization is not suitable in the acute stage, the KRE technique using a single microcatheter can achieve a good outcome and reduce the use of stents under the premise of grasping the surgical indications and mastering the technical points.
Keyword:Ruptured intracranial aneurysm; Irregular intracranial aneurysm; Wide-necked intracranial aneurysm; Endovascular embolization; Knitting-riveting technique; Coils; Stent; Clinical efficacy;
近年来,随着介入技术的进步及各种栓塞材料(支架、球囊)的出现,颅内不规则宽颈动脉瘤的介入治疗的效果越来越好[1,2,3]。但合并颅内血肿或并发脑积水的病人,介入术后还需要脑室外引流术或开颅手术减压,支架辅助栓塞后需要服用双重抗血小板药物,个别病人可能存在抗血小板药物抵抗,术后存在支架内血栓的风险。球囊辅助或双微导管技术也被用于治疗不规则宽颈动脉瘤[4,5,6],但存在操作复杂、费用过高等问题。2016年1月~2019年6月应用单根微导管编织铆定技术介入治疗颅内破裂不规则宽颈动脉瘤36例,取得良好的效果,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 纳入和排除标准
纳入标准:(1)入院头颅CT检查发现蛛网膜下腔出血;(2)脑血管造影检查结果,参照Goertz等[1]报道的标准,动脉瘤非规则形,瘤颈相对较宽,瘤体较长(葫芦形或腊肠形)或带相对较大的子瘤;(3)瘤颈>4 mm,或瘤颈/瘤体比值>0.5。排除标准:(1)规则动脉瘤(圆形或椭圆形);(2)夹层动脉瘤;(3)梭形动脉瘤。
1.2 一般资料
36例中,男19例,女17例;年龄31~76岁,平均53.6岁。所有病人均以突发头痛、呕吐或意识障碍入院,头颅CT均发现蛛网膜下腔出血。入院Hunt-hess分级:Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级7例,Ⅴ级4例。动脉瘤位于前交通动脉16例,后交通动脉13例,大脑中动脉M2段4例,颈内动脉床突上段3例。
1.3 治疗方法
采用Seldinger技术先行全脑血管造影,了解介入治疗路径、动脉硬化、狭窄、侧支循环代偿等整体脑血管情况,对责任动脉瘤行三维重建,重点明确载瘤动脉的走形、动脉瘤部位、大小、形状、朝向、瘤颈、瘤颈与载瘤动脉的成角、真瘤和子瘤的直径等,确定工作角度,并确定微导管的塑形形状及角度、制定栓塞方案。全麻下进行介入手术。经右侧股动脉穿刺后置入6F动脉鞘,置入6F导引导管至颈内动脉段,持续加压滴注0.9%氯化钠注射液500ml+肝素钠3 000 U。根据载瘤动脉的走形及动脉瘤的朝向对Echenon TM-10微导管的头端进行精准塑形,塑形的原则是便于微导管头端顺利进入远端分叶。路径图下由微导丝(0.014英寸)辅助将微导管头端送至远端分叶子瘤内或者真瘤与子瘤交界处。首先,选择和远端子瘤直径相匹配的弹簧圈成篮,依次递减对目标子瘤进行致密栓塞;然后,选用和真瘤大小匹配的弹簧圈成篮。这时候就要采用编织铆定技术:真瘤内的第一个成篮圈一定要在远端子瘤内放2~3个攀,起到“铆定”作用,增加真瘤内成篮圈的稳定性;此时要有耐心,根据弹簧圈在相对宽瘤颈处的成篮情况,不断调整或进退微导管,或调整弹簧圈出攀的角度,力争依靠部分弹簧圈在远端子瘤内的铆定力量,使之在真瘤内稳定成篮,并均匀覆盖瘤颈,不突入载瘤动脉。如果反复调整,弹簧圈仍然突入载瘤动脉,则采取补救型支架置入;同时,静脉持续泵入替罗非班(4~7 ml/h)。
术后根据头颅CT显示出血量及Hunt-hess分级,给予腰大池持续引流或腰椎穿刺术,释放血性脑脊液;同时,持续静脉泵入尼莫地平注射液预防脑血管痉挛,维持水电解质平衡,酌情给于脱水、激素、神经保护剂等对症治疗。支架辅助栓塞者,常规口服拜阿斯匹林(100 mg,1次/d)+氯比格雷(75 mg,1次/d)。
2 结果
36例动脉瘤均成功栓塞,其中26例单纯通过编织铆定技术栓塞,没使用支架、球囊辅助技术,无弹簧圈脱出,编织铆定技术成功率为72.22%;10例(27.78%)经过反复调整,仍然有弹簧圈突入载瘤动脉,给予补救性支架辅助栓塞。术后即刻造影显示动脉瘤完全栓塞29例(90.36%),次全栓塞7例(9.64%)。无术中出血事件,无栓塞事件。36例术后6个月CTA或DSA随访,采用编织铆定技术栓塞26例中,2例瘤颈处部分复发,再次补充栓塞;而使用补救性支架辅助栓塞的10例无复发。
3 讨论
文献报道,不规则动脉瘤属于复杂动脉瘤,介入治疗难度大,风险高[3,7]。但是,随着介入技术的提高及多种辅助栓塞材料的出现,多数不规则、宽颈动脉瘤的治疗变得容易实现,比如血流导向装置[8,9]的应用,使许多宽颈巨大动脉瘤得到有效治疗,而enterprise支架[10]、Soitaire支架[11]、Lvis支架[12]、neuroform支架[13]等使以前不能栓塞或者难以栓塞的宽颈动脉瘤能够得到有效的介入治疗。然而,临床上,有些病人出血量多、继发脑积水,介入术后还需要做去骨瓣减压术或者脑室外引流术;如果采用支架辅助,需要服用拜阿斯匹林、氯比格雷抗血小板治疗,为后续的手术增加了许多风险及顾虑。为解决这个问题,很多学者在宽颈动脉瘤介入治疗时,采用多种技术避免急性期支架的使用。Wallace等[14]使用球囊辅助对170例宽颈动脉瘤进行成功的栓塞治疗,整体并发症发生率仅0.9%,取得很好的效果。还有学者使用双微导管技术辅助介入治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤,取得良好的效果[15,16]。双微导管技术治疗颅内不规则宽颈动脉瘤的关键是:将双微导管头端置于不规则动脉瘤的不同区域(通常是一深一浅),两根微导管交替出圈成篮,并使两根微导管的成篮弹簧圈相互缠绕、交集,目的使浅处的弹簧圈稳定成篮,且较为满意地封闭瘤颈,从而在没有支架、球囊辅助的情况下顺利完成宽颈动脉瘤的栓塞。但载瘤动脉迂曲、狭窄、痉挛明显或载瘤动脉直径纤细时,不能容纳两套系统或者难以顺利到位,导致手术无法完成。另外,多套系统同时在血管内,不仅操作复杂,对术者的技术要求和团队协作配合要求较高,增加了手术难度,术中引起出血事件、血栓事件、空气栓塞事件的风险明显增加。所以,用单根微导管完成较为复杂的颅内宽颈动脉瘤栓塞手术具有重要的临床意义[17,18]。
本文36例颅内不规则宽颈动脉瘤中,26例单纯通过单根微导管编织铆定技术栓塞,编织铆定技术成功率为72.22%;其余10例(27.78%)虽然经过反复调整,但最终由于瘤颈过宽且弹簧圈不能在两个相对分区之间互相铆定,导致弹簧圈不能在瘤颈处稳定承揽而突入载瘤动脉,给予补救性支架辅助栓塞。我们总结补救性支架辅助栓塞的10例动脉瘤的特点:一是动脉瘤的纵深较短,动脉瘤瘤颈/瘤体比值>0.8,弹簧圈在不规则的两个分区之间铆定力弱;二是两个不规则的分叶之间无明显缩窄,即“细腰征”(图1),导致弹簧圈在不规则的两个分区之间缺乏铆定力,使弹簧圈无法在瘤颈处稳定成篮。因此,我们认为,在颅内宽颈不规则动脉瘤的栓塞治疗中,要发挥单根微导管编织铆定技术的优势,需要关注以下几个细节:(1)选择好合适的病例,即不规则动脉瘤要有足够的纵深,动脉瘤瘤颈/瘤体比值在0.5~0.8,或者两个分叶之间要有“细腰征”,便于弹簧圈相互编织、缠绕、铆定,增加稳定性;(2)根据载瘤动脉的走形,以及动脉瘤部位、大小、形状、分叶数量、朝向、瘤颈宽窄、瘤颈与载瘤动脉的成角等对微导管头端精准塑形[19],既要保证微导管头端的稳定性,又能在不同的两个分区之间进退自如,便于发挥“编织铆定”的技术优势;(3)弹簧圈的选择原则是远端分叶的首发3D圈要比分叶的直径稍大一些,以便于在远端分叶内稳定成篮,在远端分叶致密栓塞后,要选择比近端真瘤直径稍大一些的弹簧圈,以便于在近端分叶内稳定成篮,另外由于远端分叶的子瘤往往是动脉瘤的破口位置,动脉瘤壁薄弱,所以应选择超软的弹簧圈,比如EV3公司的Axium™Prime SS、ES系列、史塞克Target系列等;(4)远端分叶基本致密栓塞后,要保证微导管头端依然在远端分叶内或者在远端分叶和近端分叶的交界处,以便使近端分叶的首发成篮圈至少有2~3个攀在远端分叶内,然后自然退到近端真瘤内继续出攀,即编织铆定,利于增加瘤颈处弹簧圈的的稳定性,与朱青峰等[20]报道的颅内分叶状破裂动脉瘤血管内治疗技术要点类似。只要掌握技术要点,在封闭较宽的瘤颈时显得更加从容、安全,有助于提高完全栓塞率,有效减少填塞圈逃逸,减少支架的使用率。
然而,这种“单根微导管编织铆定技术”栓塞方式具有一定的局限性,可能仅限用于某些特定形态的不规则动脉瘤,比如纵深较长的不规则动脉瘤、有“细腰征”的腊肠形状动脉瘤、葫芦形的动脉瘤,远端子瘤体积相对较大等。另外,本文26例采用编织铆定技术栓塞术后6个月随访,2例瘤颈处部分复发,再次补充栓塞;而使用补救性支架辅助栓塞的10例无复发,说明单纯铆定技术对瘤颈处的处理需要仔细、谨慎,而且要加强随访,早期造影复查。
综上所述,对于颅内破裂不规则宽颈动脉瘤,急性期不适合使用支架辅助栓塞时,只要选择好适应证,掌握好技术要点,单根微导管编织铆定技术虽然不能栓塞所有的宽颈不规则动脉瘤,而且有一定的复发率,但能够明显降低急性期支架的使用率,对一些病人达到很好的治疗效果。
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