摘 要:目的:总结原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjögren's syndrome,pSS)合并间质性肺病(interstitial lung disease, ILD)患者的中医证候特点,探索相关因素。方法:采用调查研究的方法,纳入2018年12月至2022年4月于中日友好医院中医风湿病科就诊的pSS患者,统一采集舌象和证候,依据是否合并ILD进行分组(pSS-ILD与pSS-非ILD组)。比较两组舌象、证候及实验室指标的差异,采用Logistic回归探索pSS-ILD的相关因素。结果:共纳入pSS患者200例,女性186(93.0%)例,中位年龄57岁,中位病程60月,其中pSS-ILD 44例(22%)。在舌象上,pSS-ILD患者常见暗/紫/瘀舌、裂纹舌、少津舌、厚苔、黄苔、腻苔。与pSS-非ILD比较,pSS-ILD 患者黄苔比例更高(P < 0.05)。在证候上,超过40%pSS-ILD患者存在气虚、阴虚、痰湿、气滞、和/或血瘀证。阴虚中以肝肾阴虚证最多见,气虚中以肺气虚证最多见。与pSS-非ILD比较,pSS-ILD 患者肺气虚比例更高(P< 0.01)。在实验室指标上,与pSS-非ILD组相比,pSS-ILD组患者抗SSA抗体阳性比例更高(P < 0.05),C反应蛋白(P < 0.01)、补体C3(P< 0.05)、补体C4(P < 0.05)水平更高。Logistic回归分析显示,pSS-ILD与黄苔(OR=5.260, 95%CI 1.337-20.692, P=0.018)、肺气虚(OR=6.079, 95%CI 2.585-14.298, P < 0.001)正相关,和补体C4降低(OR=0.199, 95%CI 0.070-0.564, P=0.002)负相关。结论:约22%的pSS患者合并ILD,此类患者常见气虚、阴虚、痰湿、气滞、和/或血瘀证。黄苔、肺气虚和C4水平是pSS合并ILD的相关因素。
关键词:干燥综合征;间质性肺疾病;证候;舌象;免疫炎症;
Characteristics and Associated Factors of Primary Sjogren' s Syndrome with Interstitial
Lung Disease
CHEN Jia-qi YANG Jian-ying WU Zi-hua ZHANG Li-ning ZHANG Yan HU Qi HE Qian
HUANG Zi-wei YU Xin-bo LUO Jjing TAO Qing-wen
Bejjing University of Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism
Beijing Key Laboratory of Immuno-Inf1ammatory Diseases
Abstract:Objective: To summarize the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes and to explore associated factors in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). METHODS: A survey study was conducted, and patients with pSS were included who visited the TCM Department of Rheumatism at China-Japan Friendship Hospital from December 2018 to April 2022. Tongue signs and syndromes in patients were collected uniformly. The included patients were divided into two groups according to whether they had ILD (pSS-ILD and pSS-non-ILD groups). The differences were compared in tongue signs, syndromes and laboratory indexes between the two groups, and logistic regression was used to explore the factors associated with pSS-ILD. Results: A total of 200 patients with pSS were included, with 186 (93.0%) females, a median age of 57 years and a median disease duration of 60 months, of which 44 (22%) were pSS-ILD. In terms of tongue sign, patients with pSS-ILD commonly had dark/purple/stasis tongue, cracked tongue, less fluid tongue, thick coating, yellow coating, and greasy coating. Compared with pSS-non-ILD, the proportion of yellow coating was higher in pSS-ILD patients (P < 0.05). In terms of syndrome, more than 40% of pSS-ILD patients had Qi deficiency, Yin deficiency, phlegm-damp, Qi stagnation, and/or blood stasis syndrome. Among yin deficiency, liver-kidney yin deficiency syndrome ranked the first; among qi deficiency, lung qi deficiency syndrome ranked the first. Compared with pSS-non-ILD, pSS-ILD patients had a higher proportion of lung Qi deficiency (P< 0.01). In terms of laboratory index, compared with the pSS-nILD, pSS-ILD patients had a higher proportion of positive anti-SSA antibody (P< 0.05) and higher levels of CRP (P< 0.01), C3 (P < 0.05), and C4 (P< 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that pSS with ILD was positively associated with lung qi deficiency (OR=6.079, 95% CI 2.585-14.298, P < 0.001), yellow coating (OR=5.260, 95% CI 1.337-20.692, P=0.018), and negatively associated with lower-C4 (OR=0.199, 95%CI 0.070-0.564, P=0.002). Conclusion: About 22% of pSS patients are combined with ILD, and patients with pSS-ILD commonly have Qi deficiency, Yin deficiency, phlegm-damp, Qi stagnation, and/or blood stasis syndrome. Yellow coating, lung qi deficiency and C4 level are factors associated with pSS combined with ILD.
Keyword:Sjögren's Syndrome; interstitial lung disease; syndrome; tongue; immune inflammation;
原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjögren's syndrome,pSS)是以淋巴细胞浸润为特征的系统性自身免疫病,以口眼干、乏力和关节痛为主要症状,同时也可以出现肺、肾等系统受累[1]。间质性肺病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)是pSS常见的肺部伴发症。pSS合并ILD患者预后差,死亡率增加[2]。目前pSS-ILD发病机制尚不明确。关于pSS-ILD的随机对照研究少,药物治疗十分有限[3]。pSS属中医学“燥痹”范畴,中医药治疗本病具有一定的优势[4,5,6]。然鲜有研究报道pSS-ILD的中医证候特点[7,8],且尚未发现研究报道pSS-ILD舌象特点。舌象是中医辨证的重要依据。团队前期研究表明,pSS患者舌象和免疫炎症水平具有一定相关性[9]。总结和归纳pSS-ILD患者舌象与中医证候特点,有利于优化本病的中医学认识,为中医临床治疗提供新思路。因此,本研究拟采用调查研究的方法,总结pSS-ILD患者舌象和中医证候特点,分析相关因素,以期为pSS-ILD的临床诊疗提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
采用调查研究的方法,纳入2018年12月至2022年4月于中日友好医院中医风湿病科就诊的所有知情同意的连续病例。根据pSS患者是否合并ILD分为pSS-ILD组和pSS-非ILD组(以下简称pSS-nILD组)。由经过专业培训的研究人员依据纳入、排除标准筛选患者。本研究通过中日友好医院伦理委员会伦理审查(No.2018-156-K112),所有纳入患者均自愿签署知情同意书。
1.2 诊断标准
pSS疾病诊断参照2016年美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology,ACR)与欧洲风湿病联盟(The European League Against Rheumatism,EULAR)推荐的pSS分类诊断标准[10]。ILD疾病诊断经由高分辨CT检查后,在专业的影像学医师结论的基础上由临床医师确定pSS-ILD。中医辨证参照2008年《中医内科常见病诊疗指南》[11]中pSS中医辨证标准。舌象判断参照《中医诊断学》[12]中舌诊内容。
1.3 纳入排除标准
纳入标准:①符合2016年ACR/EULAR推荐的pSS分类标准[10];②年龄在18~75岁;③自愿签署知情同意书。排除标准:①合并类风湿关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮等其他弥漫性结缔组织病;②缺少舌象信息等重要信息;③合并肿瘤;④妊娠或哺乳期妇女,精神病患者。
1.4 观察指标
采集患者一般人口学资料、临床症状、舌象、证候、血常规、自身抗体、免疫炎症指标等内容并记录在病例报告表。舌象采集:患者取端坐位,尽量张口,自然伸舌,在充足的自然光下采用DS01-B舌面信息采集系统采集舌象。从舌体、舌色、舌苔三个维度记录舌象(舌体:正常、胖大、瘦薄、齿痕、裂纹、少津;舌色:淡红、淡白、红绛、暗/紫/瘀;舌苔:白、黄、厚、薄、腻、燥、无/剥脱)。舌象特点及中医证侯的判断由两位长期从事中医风湿病临床诊疗的高级职称医师进行,意见不同之处咨询第三位从事中医风湿病临床的高级职称医师解决。类风湿因子(rheumatoid factor, RF)采用免疫透射比浊法进行检测,抗核抗体(antinuclear antibodies, ANA)采用间接免疫荧光法检测,抗SSA抗体、抗Ro52抗体、抗SSB抗体、抗核糖核蛋白(ribonucleoprotein,RNP)抗体、抗着丝点蛋白B(centromere protein B,CENPB)抗体均采用免疫印迹法检测。所有化验检查均由医院完成。免疫炎症指标异常判断标准为:血沉(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)升高:>15 mm/h(男)或>20 mm/h(女),C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)升高:>8.0 mg/L,免疫球蛋白G(Immunoglobulin G, IgG):>16.20 g/L,IgA升高:>3.78 g/L,IgM升高:>2.63 g/L,补体C3(Complement 3,C3)降低:<0.70 g/L,补体C4(Complement 4,C4)降低:<0.16 g/L。
1.5 统计学方法
由两名研究者采用Epidata 3.4软件进行独立数据录入,核对有不一致的内容查询原始数据后改正。采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计分析。计数资料采用频数和百分比表示;计量资料服从正态分布者用平均数±标准差(`x±s)表示,不符合正态分布的用中位数和四分位数Median(Q1,Q3)表示。组间比较:计数资料用卡方检验或校正卡方检验;计量资料不符合正态分布用Mann-Whitney U检验。在单因素分析中,将连续变量根据临床临界值转化为二分类变量,将其中P<0.1的因素纳入二元Logistic回归模型探索相关性。假设检验均采用双侧检验,以P<0.05为有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 一般情况
本研究共纳入200名患者,其中女性186(93.0%)例,年龄57.0(50.0,63.8)岁,发病年龄50.0(42.0,57.0)岁,病程60(24,120)月。pSS患者中pSS -ILD患者44例(22.0%),年龄57.5(50.3,64.5),发病年龄47.0(40.0,57.8),病程76.0(27.0,153.0)。非参数检验发现,pSS-ILD组与pSS-nILD组在年龄、发病年龄和病程上无统计学差异(P>0.05)。
2.2 舌象特点
pSS患者舌体分布特点由多到少依次为:裂纹120例(60.0%),少津101例(50.5%),胖大49例(24.5%),齿痕43例(21.5%),正常40例(20.0%),瘦薄39例(19.5%);舌色分布特点由多到少依次为:暗/紫/瘀99例(49.5%),红绛65例(32.5%),淡红50例(25.0%),淡白6例(3.0%)。舌苔分布由多到少依次为:白101例(50.5%),厚99例(49.5%),腻99例(49.5%),无/剥脱84例(42.0%),薄73例(36.5%),黄72例(36.0%),燥59.0例(29.5%)。
pSS-ILD常见舌象包括舌色暗/紫/瘀21例(47.7%),舌体裂纹26例(59.1%),舌体少津20例(45.5%),厚苔24例(54.5%),黄苔22例(50.0%),腻苔22例(50.0%)。卡方检验发现,与pSS-nILD组相比,pSS-ILD组患者更常见舌苔黄(50.0% vs. 32.1%;χ2=4.799,P=0.028),其余舌象特点两组间均无统计学差异(P>0.05),见表1。
表1 原发性干燥综合征合并与不合并间质性肺病患者舌象分布特点[n(%)]
Table 1 The distribution of tongue signs in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients with or without interstitial lung disease [n (%)]
2.3 中医证候特点
200例pSS患者证候要素分布由多到少依次为:气虚153例(76.5%),阴虚151例(75.5%),痰湿109例(54.4%),血瘀106例(53.0%),气滞95例(47.5%),燥热67例(33.5%),热毒38例(19.0%),阳虚/寒凝20例(10.0%)。气虚中以脾气虚92例(46.0%)最多见;阴虚中以肝肾阴虚130例(65.0%)最多见。
pSS-ILD组证候要素由高到底依次为:气虚35例(79.5%),阴虚32例(72.7%),痰湿24例(54.5%),气滞22例(50.0%),血瘀20例(45.5%),燥热14例(31.8%),热毒8例(18.2%),阳虚/寒凝3例(6.8%)。气虚中以肺气虚(30例,68.2%)最多见;阴虚中以肝肾阴虚(31例,70.5%)最多见。卡方检验发现,与pSS-nILD组相比,pSS-ILD组患者更多见肺气虚证(p < 0.01),见表2。
2.4 实验室指标特点
卡方检验发现,与pSS-nILD组相比,pSS-ILD组患者抗SSA抗体阳性比例更高(90.9% vs.76.6%,P=0.037),CRP[2.95(1.73,5.67)vs. 1.89(1.31,3.12),P=0.006]、C3[0.86(0.74,0.99)vs. 0.81(0.68,0.92),P=0.045]、C4[0.19(0.17,0.23)vs. 0.18(0.14,0.22),P=0.040]水平更高。两组在ANA≥1:160、抗Ro52抗体、抗SSB抗体、抗RNP抗体、抗CENPB抗体和RF阳性率,白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、血红蛋白、血小板、ESR、IgA、IgM、IgG水平上均未见统计学差异(P>0.05)。
2.5 pSS-ILD相关因素分析
根据一般资料,对二分类单因素分析中P<0.1的变量进行多因素分析发现:pSS-ILD和肺气虚(OR=6.079, 95%CI 2.585-14.298, P < 0.001)、黄苔(OR=5.260, 95%CI 1.337-20.692, P=0.018)正相关,和C4降低(OR=0.199, 95%CI 0.070-0.564, P=0.002)负相关。
3 讨论
pSS属于中医学“燥痹”的范畴,其临床表现可见口干、眼干等局部表现,也可以出现较为严重的系统受累,如ILD、间质性肾炎。ILD是pSS预后不佳的主要因素之一。pSS-ILD患者报告健康相关生活质量受损,死亡风险增加,提示早期诊断和治疗的重要性[2,13]。pSS-ILD与中医证候和舌象特点尚缺乏报道。本研究总结分析了200例pSS患者的舌象及证候特点,并首次探索了中医舌象和证候与pSS-ILD的相关性,结果发现:①pSS-ILD患者常见舌色暗/紫/瘀,舌体裂纹、少津,黄苔,厚苔,腻苔;②超过40%的pSS-ILD患者存在气虚、阴虚、痰湿、气滞、和/或血瘀证,阴虚中以肝肾阴虚证最多,气虚中以肺气虚证最多;③多因素分析发现,pSS-ILD与黄苔、肺气虚正相关,与C4降低负相关。
pSS-ILD的患病差异大,目前已经报道的患病率为8.5%-78.6%[14,15,16],可能与纳入人群和ILD定义的标准等不同相关。本研究pSS患者中ILD的患病率为22.0%,与大部分中国人群的既往研究比例相似[17,18,19,20]。目前普遍认为,年龄增加与pSS-ILD密切相关[18,21,22,23,24,25]。既往研究提示,ILD多见于pSS中长病程的患者[25];新近研究表明,ILD可发生于pSS的任何时期,甚至可作为首发症状或出现于pSS诊断前数年[26]。本研究尚未发现pSS-ILD与年龄和病程相关,未来可扩大样本进一步探索。
证候是中医治疗的基础,舌象是辨证的要素。本研究发现pSS-ILD最常见的证候为气虚、阴虚、痰湿、气滞及血瘀证,和既往研究相符[7,8]。此外,本研究首次分析了pSS-ILD患者舌象特点,发现该类患者常见舌色暗/紫/瘀,舌体裂纹、少津,黄苔,厚苔,腻苔,与证候分布相契合。本研究通过单因素分析发现,肺气虚证、舌苔黄在pSS-ILD患者中比例更高;进一步多因素分析发现,pSS-ILD与肺气虚证、舌苔黄具有正相关。pSS病机核心为“燥邪致病”。《素问·阴阳应象大论》有云:“燥盛则干”,提示燥邪具有易伤津液、致干燥症状的特点。肺为娇脏,喜润恶燥,故燥易伤肺。燥邪盘踞肺脏,日久伤津耗液,阴液不足,虚热由生;虚热内生,愈发助燥,燥热相抟,耗气伤津,扰动肺脏。故pSS常见以干咳、少痰、气促为主要表现的肺部并发症。提示临床上,若pSS患者具有气短、乏力等表现而辨证为肺气虚,同时又兼见舌苔黄者,建议完善肺部影像学检查进一步排除诊断,警惕pSS-ILD的发生。
在实验室指标上,本研究单因素分析发现,pSS-ILD患者抗SSA抗体阳性率、CRP、C3和C4水平更高,但多因素回归分析显示pSS-ILD仅与C4降低负相关。目前,关于抗SSA抗体与pSS-ILD的相关性存在争议。少数研究认为,抗SSA抗体在合并ILD的pSS患者中阳性率更高,可能为pSS患者发生ILD的危险因素[25,27,28]。但国内外多个大样本研究均未发现抗SSA抗体与pSS-ILD患者存在相关性[18,29,30,31]。有研究发现,抗Ro52抗体是pSS发生ILD的独立危险因素,且与其症状表现和严重程度相关[32]。此外,有系统综述提示,pSS-ILD与CRP水平正相关[33]。本研究尚未发现抗Ro52抗体和CRP与pSS-ILD存在相关性,有待进一步扩大样本研究明确。关于补体与pSS-ILD的关系结果尚不统一。有研究发现pSS-ILD患者较pSS-nILD患者C4水平更高[21],亦有研究提示低补体血症是pSS是合并ILD的危险因素[28];但大部分单因素分析均未发现两类患者间的差异[25,34]。有研究纳入639例pSS患者发现,在pSS患者中,ILD与继发性血小板减少呈负相关,而C4降低与继发血小板减少呈正相关[35]。在本研究中,pSS-ILD患者与C4降低负相关,与上述研究结果相仿。关于ANA、RF、抗SSB抗体与pSS-ILD的关系,当前研究结果尚存在争议[16,19,24,25,34,36],包括本研究在内的多数研究支持无相关性[18,37,38],有待进一步研究探索。本研究为单中心研究,结果还需多中心、大样本研究验证。
综上所述,pSS合并ILD并不少见,对于肺气虚、舌苔黄的pSS患者应注意筛查高分辨CT,警惕合并ILD的可能。ILD与pSS不良预后相关,未来可开展前瞻性大样本长期随访的队列研究,明确pSS-ILD的危险因素及其演变规律。
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