摘 要:补肺汤具有补肺益气、清火化痰、止咳平喘之功效,用于治疗肺虚咳喘。临床随证加减后广泛应用于治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肺纤维化、哮喘、肺癌等呼吸系统疾病。实验研究表明,补肺汤通过调节炎症反应、免疫失衡、氧化应激、蛋白酶与抗蛋白酶失衡、细胞自噬等多种作用机制发挥对呼吸系统疾病的防治作用。
关键词:呼吸系统疾病;补肺汤;慢性阻塞性肺疾病;肺纤维化;哮喘;肺癌;临床研究;实验研究;
Clinical and Experimental Progress of Bufei Decoction in the Treatment ofRespiratory Diseases
ZHANG Yu ZHU Xing CHEN Yunzhi LIU Huaiquan CHU Cancan XU Changjun TONGPingzhen TIAN JinGraduate School of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine
Abstract:Bufei Decoction has the effects of tonifying lung and supplementing qi, clearing fire and resolving phlegm, relieving cough and asthma.It is used to treat lung deficiency, cough and asthma.After addition and subtraction with syndrome, it is widely used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, lung cancer and so on.Experimental studies show that Bufei Decoction plays a role in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases by regulating inflammatory response, immune imbalance, oxidative stress, protease and anti protease imbalance, cell autophagy and other mechanisms.
Keyword:respiratory diseases; Bufei Decoction; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; pulmonary fibrosis; asthma; lung cancer; clinical research; experimental research;补肺汤最早记载于元代李仲南所著的《永类铃方》,是治疗肺气虚弱的经典方剂。全方由人参、黄芪、熟地黄、五味子、紫菀、桑白皮六味药物组成,有补肺益气、清火化痰、止咳平喘之功效。原方主治肺虚咳喘、短气自汗、声音低弱、舌淡、脉象虚弱等症,临床普遍用于治疗肺虚咳喘。现代医家从肺气虚证这一呼吸系统疾病的基本病机出发,将该方随证加减后广泛应用于临床治疗肺系疾病,取得较好临床效果,并对其作用机制进行了深入研究。本文对近年来补肺汤相关的临床及实验研究文献进行总结梳理并概述如下,以期进一步挖掘补肺汤的临床价值。
1 补肺汤的临床应用1.1 慢性阻塞性肺疾病以呼吸道症状恶化为主要特征的多系统炎症性疾病——慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)是世界范围内的主要死亡原因[1],在我国也具有较高患病率[2],中药方剂补肺汤长期应用于该病的临床治疗,研究发现本方对COPD患者急性期、稳定期均有一定的疗效。罗明等[3]对80例COPD稳定期患者进行研究,对比单纯西药与联合麦杏补肺汤的疗效,发现联合麦杏补肺汤后患者临床症状积分、生活质量积分与治疗前相比得到明显改善,说明本方在治疗COPD稳定期效果理想。郭钊明[4]表示补肺汤联合西药治疗COPD急性发作期疗效明显,对于减少发作次数、增强抵抗力具有重大意义。太荣树[5]观察加味定喘汤联合补肺汤治疗74例COPD急性加重期的临床疗效,结果显示:两组相比,经补肺汤干预的观察组能更显著地缓解患者肺功能下降及临床常见症状,其治疗总有效率与对照组间存在显著差异(P<0.05),提示在西医常规治疗基础上加用加味定喘汤联合本方效果更好。
1.2 肺纤维化肺纤维化(pulmonary fibrosis, PF)的特征在于成纤维细胞数量的增加、过度的细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM)沉积引起肺结构重建与肺实质的破坏,该病最终导致呼吸衰竭而死亡。目前西医对于此类疾病尚无特效治疗手段,而中医学治疗肺间质疾病历史较为悠久,以补肺汤为代表的中医方剂在临床中已被证实取得较好疗效[6]。陶红卫[7]用补肺汤加减化裁后对特发性肺间质纤维化继发慢性呼吸衰竭患者进行治疗,对照组采用西医对症干预,治疗组加用滋肾补肺汤,结果显示,对照组的有效率72.41%,明显低于治疗组的有效率93.10%(P<0.05),与对照组治疗前相比,治疗组中医证候积分、呼吸频率、心率情况得到明显改善(P<0.05),证明本方辅助西药疗效确切,且无不良反应。刘宁等[8]以补肺汤为基础加味组成治疗方,用于治疗30例肺纤维化呼吸困难患者,研究显示,治疗后中医证候积分减少88.2%,6分钟步行试验结果、肺功能与呼吸困难情况、血氧饱和度均得到显著改善。
1.3 哮喘支气管哮喘是由炎症细胞参与、以反复发作性喘息、胸闷气促、呼吸困难或咳嗽为临床症状的慢性炎症疾病,为呼吸系统常见多发的典型病症之一,也是世界范围内对患者、家庭和社区造成负面影响的公共卫生挑战之一[9]。中医认为,哮喘慢性持续期多以肺气虚亏为主要病机,补肺汤具有补益肺气的功效,在临床应用中已取得突出疗效[10]。刘文浩等[11]应用补肺汤治疗60例慢性持续期支气管哮喘患者并进行临床观察,对照组30例给予一般治疗,观察组30例加用补肺汤治疗,结果发现:两组肺功能指标存在显著差异(P<0.05),加用补肺汤能够扶正固本,改善肺功能下降、更好地控制哮喘发作与提高治疗效果。刘宏[12]对本方加减化裁后用于治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘94例,设对照组46例给予常规治疗,治疗组48例给予补肺汤加减口服,结果显示治疗组总有效率95.83%,较对照组的86.9%显著增加(P<0.05),结束6个月后的对照组复发率47.50%,显著高于治疗组复发率19.57%(P<0.05),说明应用补肺汤加减治疗有效率更高,改善预后更好,复发率更低。
1.4 肺癌肺癌是世界范围内最常见的癌症(占总病例的11.6%),最主要的癌症死亡原因(占总癌症死亡的18.4%)[13,14],在我国该病的发病率与病死率亦不容乐观,而目前肺癌的临床治疗选择有限,中医方剂补肺汤对于改善肺癌预后具有疗效优且无明显不良反应的特点。徐佳梅[15]以补肺汤加减对36例肺癌化疗后脾肺气虚证患者进行治疗,结果表明,治疗后肺癌咳喘补肺汤组总缓解率为91.7%,高于对照组的76.7%;中医临床疗效、中医证候积分与肺功能改善均显著高于对照组,尤其在咳嗽、咳痰等中医症状上改善更明显,说明补肺汤加减能够明显改善肺癌化疗后的不良反应及临床症状,对于提高患者生活质量、防止肺癌的复发与转移有积极作用。Yuan等[16]以补肺汤为基础方,自拟补肺化瘀汤研究其治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效与用药安全,实验发现经本方中剂量组治疗后美国东部肿瘤协作组(eastern cooperative oncology group, ECOG)评分、有效率、中医证候改善情况显著优于其他各组(P<0.05),说明本方联合吉非替尼治疗非小细胞肺癌具有令人满意的临床疗效,较高的用药安全性。
2 补肺汤的实验研究概况2.1 调节炎症反应气道炎症是由于炎症因子的释放,使局部组织损伤并进行异常修复,进而使气道结构发生一系列结构改变的病理过程。气道重构的特点为细胞外基质的过度沉积,COPD、肺纤维化、支气管哮喘、肺癌等肺部疾病皆有此病理改变,研究表明补肺汤可通过降低炎症因子,抑制其信号通路以保护气道黏膜,改善气道炎症从而防治气道重构[17,18]。文秀华等[19]建立COPD大鼠模型,研究发现补肺汤能通过抑制支气管肺泡灌洗液中促炎因子与炎症因子分泌,使灌胃组大鼠IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、NF-κB、TNF-α等炎性因子含量降低,改善大鼠气道炎症,阻抑气道重构。李琳等[20]建立博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化大鼠模型,进行补肺汤灌胃处理后,发现治疗组大鼠血清中TNF-α明显降低,提示补肺汤通过抑制促炎因子TNF-α的高表达,发挥抗纤维化作用。马红霞等观察补肺汤对中晚期肺癌肺气虚证咳喘的临床疗效,研究发现补肺汤可改善血清炎性因子IL-10与嗜酸性粒细胞,使患者的咳喘得到明显缓解[21]。Toll样受体[22,23](Toll-like receotor, TLR)通过髓样分化因子依赖性经典途径,调节下游NF-κB信号通路,该通路被激活后引发中性粒细胞炎症并使参与COPD与支气管哮喘发生发展全过程的促炎因子与炎症因子增加,加速疾病发展[24,25]。文秀华等[26]研究发现补肺汤能够改善COPD大鼠支气管与气道的异常炎症改变,其机制可能是通过抑制TLR2、TLR4与其下游NF-κB信号通路,使受其调控并参与炎性反应的诸多分子释放减少。
2.2 调节免疫失衡机体免疫功能与呼吸系统疾病的发生及转归关系密切,免疫功能低下者易发生呼吸道感染,同时呼吸道炎症可致机体免疫功能紊乱,加重病情。T淋巴细胞参与体液免疫与细胞免疫,尤其在后者中发挥重要作用,是人体主要免疫细胞[27]。Th1和Th2免疫应答被认为是细胞免疫应答的主要特征,许多免疫介导性疾病的发病机制可从这两个T细胞亚群之间平衡改变的角度来看待[28]。Th1反应低应答与Th2反应过度应答介导的异常免疫反应直接参与COPD与肺纤维化等肺部疾病的发生发展[29],由IL-12和IFN-γ诱导的Th1细胞主要产生IFN-γ和IL-2,受IL-4诱导的Th2细胞产生更广泛的细胞因子,包括IL-4、IL-5、IL-9、IL-10和IL-13。宋康[30]、王珊珊[31]等研究发现补肺汤能够促进血清中IFN-γ的上调与IL-4的下调,说明本方通过促进Th1和抑制Th2免疫反应从而减缓肺纤维化的产生与COPD的发展。机体免疫功能的强弱与CD4+/CD8+的比值呈正相关,T辅助细胞CD4+与T抑制细胞CD8+二者通过相互制约与诱导的关系来共同发挥对人体细胞亚群免疫功能的调控作用。房海波等[32]观察补肺汤加减对COPD稳定期患者的影响,结果发现,本方有使患者CD8+含量下降、CD4+含量升高、纠正机体免疫紊乱、提升免疫功能的作用。刘文兵等[33]与王亚磊等研究者[34]也发现补肺汤治疗COPD的临床疗效可能与其调节免疫细胞的平衡有关。
2.3 调节氧化应激氧化应激是COPD、肺纤维化等慢性炎症肺病在病情加重时表现突出的一种特征,其具体指机体抗氧化物来源减少的同时灭活增多,氧化应激破坏增强和抗氧化物清除减少的一种失衡状态[35]。反应性氧类物质(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 在生理范围内的正常表达对细胞凋亡、基因表达、信号转导等方面起重要作用,其过度表达易与核酸、蛋白质、脂质等产生氧化反应,损害细胞结构与功能,导致肺部疾病发生。细胞外超氧化物歧化酶通过清除多余的超氧阴离子恢复机体内氧化与抗氧化体系平衡,是肺组织中主要的抗氧化物,可有效抵抗肺组织损伤。杨长福等[36]研究发现肺纤维化大鼠肺组织中氧化应激分子指标超氧化物歧化酶的活性在补肺汤干预后显著升高,羟脯氨酸与丙二醛含量降低,其机制可能是补肺汤通过减少脂质过氧化物的释放从而发挥抗氧化功能。谢高宇等[37]研究表明补肺汤可通过促进细胞外超氧化物歧化酶的高表达,发挥对实验性肺纤维化大鼠的抗纤维化作用。造成COPD肺部慢性损伤的原因之一是机体氧化/抗氧化失衡,由此继发的氧化应激是COPD的主要致病机制,其参与并加速COPD的发生发展[38,39]。李竹英等[40]建立COPD稳定期大鼠模型,实验发现经加减补肺汤灌胃30天后,中药组Nrf2、γ-GCS、mRNA和蛋白的表达均低于模型组,Nrf2具有调控γ-GCS基因表达的关键作用,是COPD治疗中的关键转录激活因子,机体氧化/抗氧化失衡时,通过活化Nrf2促使γ-GCS的高表达,起到对抗氧化应激的作用。
2.4 调节蛋白酶与抗蛋白酶失衡蛋白酶与抗蛋白酶的动态平衡是保证肺组织正常结构免受损伤的主要因素,降解肺内ECM的酶和反对这种蛋白水解活性的蛋白质二者间的失衡是造成大多数呼吸道疾病肺损伤的主要因素之一。肺纤维化、COPD、哮喘等肺部疾病皆有因其失衡导致的ECM过度沉积及肺泡持续性损伤的病理改变[41,42,43,44]。基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase, MMPs)是一种锌依赖的内肽酶,能够参与降解ECM,MMP组织抑制因子TIMP-1是MMP-9的体内抑制剂,能抑制 MMP-9 对ECM的降解,补肺汤可调节蛋白酶活性的不平衡所造成的ECM过度沉积与肺泡持续性损伤从而治疗呼吸系统疾病。张弘等[45]的实验表明补肺汤能够降低肺纤维化大鼠肺组织中MMP-9与 TIMP-1 蛋白表达,通过逆转MMP-9/TIMP-1不平衡来提升ECM降解酶活性,使肺组织内ECM合成与降解保持平衡,起到缓解肺纤维化发生发展的作用。张葵等[46]研究发现,参芪补肺汤灌胃后肺气虚证COPD大鼠的MMP-9、TIMP-1表达与ECM过度沉积均受到抑制,炎性细胞聚集减少,气道炎性损伤与修复重构得到缓解。
2.5 细胞自噬细胞自噬这一生理机制主要通过清除体内坏死或病理变化的细胞[47]来维持细胞内环境的稳态与平衡,是溶酶体主要降解途径。生长转化因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)是诱导纤维化的最强刺激因子之一,其在成纤维细胞中的过度表达导致成纤维细胞过量增殖、正常肺组织结构大量凋亡坏死、ECM过度沉积[48],Smad3作为其下游信号蛋白,参与其介导的中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞的趋化,具有促进细胞外基质的增加、双向调节血管平滑肌的活化等作用。刘杨等[49]研究发现,经补肺汤干预后肺纤维化大鼠Smad3表达显著降低,ATG5和p62蛋白显著升高,说明补肺汤能通过自噬途径抑制溶酶体酶的活性以减缓TGF-β1/Smad3信号通路诱发的肺纤维化进展。杨长福等[50]研究发现,经补肺汤干预后使自噬相关蛋白Cat-D表达增强,beclin-1和p62表达下降,表现出抑制溶酶体酶活性的作用,缓解了肺纤维化的病理变化。研究发现香烟烟雾诱导肺上皮细胞自噬和凋亡从而加速肺老化与COPD的加重[51],细胞自噬可能是抑制肺纤维化等肺部疾病进一步发展和加重的潜在机制。
3 结语综上所述,近年关于补肺汤的动物实验研究与临床应用研究均取得较大进展。实验研究方面,初步探索了补肺汤通过调节炎症反应、免疫失衡、氧化应激、蛋白酶与抗蛋白酶失衡、细胞自噬等多种作用机制发挥对呼吸系统疾病的防治作用。临床应用方面,补肺汤单用或经过加减与其他药物联合使用对呼吸系统疾病疗效显著。在今后的研究中,应进一步加大实验研究与临床研究的力度,从免疫失衡、细胞自噬、肠道菌群等多个方面对补肺汤的作用机制进行多层次、多靶点的研究,为补肺汤的临床治疗提供坚实的理论依据。
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