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川崎病治疗前发热时间与丙种球蛋白耐药的相关性临床研究

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摘    要:目的 探讨川崎病(Kawasaki disease,KD)患儿丙种球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)治疗前发热时间与IVIG耐药的关系。方法 回顾性收集2018年1月至2020年12月收治KD患儿317例的病例资料,根据IVIG治疗前发热时间分为短热程组(发热时间≤4 d,n=92)和长热程组(发热时间>4 d,n=225),根据是否发生IVIG耐药将每组再分为耐药组和非耐药组。分析比较不同热程耐药组及非耐药组的基线资料及实验室结果,并采用多因素logistic回归分析IVIG耐药的影响因素。结果 短热程组中IVIG耐药19例(20.7%),并发冠状动脉瘤5例(5.4%);长热程组中IVIG耐药22例(9.8%),并发冠状动脉瘤19例(8.4%);短热程组IVIG耐药率明显高于长热程组(P<0.05),而冠状动脉瘤发生率在两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。短热程组中,耐药患儿治疗前血钠水平低于非耐药患儿,而降钙素原、C反应蛋白及N末端B型利钠肽原水平则明显高于非耐药患儿(P<0.05)。长热程组中,耐药患儿治疗前血钠及肌酸激酶水平低于非耐药患儿(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,血钠水平降低与长热程组KD患儿IVIG耐药有关(P<0.05)。结论 KD患儿IVIG耐药因IVIG治疗前发热时间不同而异。在治疗前发热时间>4 d的KD患儿中,血钠降低与IVIG耐药具有相关性。[中国当代儿科杂志,2022,24(4):399-404]


关键词:川崎病;发热时间;丙种球蛋白;耐药;危险因素;儿童;



Association between duration of fever before treatment and intravenous

immunoglobulin resistance in Kawasaki dis

sease

WANG Xin PAN Si-Lin DU Zhan-Hui JI Zhi-Xian LUO Gang SUN Hong-Xiao MA Shu-Jing

Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University



Abstract:Objective To examine the association between duration of fever before intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) treatment and IVIG resistance in children with Kawasaki disease(KD).Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 317 children with KD who were admitted from January 2018 to December 2020.According to the duration of fever before IVIG treatment,they were divided into two groups:short fever duration group(≤4 days) with 92 children and long fever duration group(>4 days) with 225 children.According to the presence or absence of IVIG resistance,each group was further divided into a drug-resistance group and a non-drug-resistance group.Baseline data and laboratory results were compared between groups.A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the influencing factors for IVIG resistance.Results In the short fever duration group,19 children(20.7%)had IVIG resistance and 5 children(5.4%) had coronary artery aneurysm,and in the long fever duration group,22children(9.8%) had IVIG resistance and 19 children(8.4%) had coronary artery aneurysm,suggesting that the short fever duration group had a significantly higher rate of IVIG resistance than the long fever duration group(P<0.05),while there was no significant difference in the incidence rate of coronary artery aneurysm between the two groups(P>0.05).In the short fever duration group,compared with the children without drug resistance,the children with drug resistance had a significantly lower level of blood sodium and significantly higher levels of procalcitonin,C-reactive protein,and Nterminal B-type natriuretic peptide before treatment(P<0.05).In the long fever duration group,the children with drug resistance had significantly lower levels of blood sodium and creatine kinase before treatment than those without drug resistance(P<0.05).The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a reduction in blood sodium level was associated with IVIG resistance in the long fever duration group(P<0.05).Conclusions IVIG resistance in children with KD varies with the duration of fever before treatment.A reduction in blood sodium is associated with IVIG resistance in KD children with a duration of fever of >4 days before treatment.[Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,2022,24(4):399-404]


Keyword:Kawasaki disease; Duration of fever; Intravenous immunoglobulin; Drug resistance; Risk factor; Child;


川崎病(Kawasaki disease,KD)目前已成为我国儿童最常见的获得性心脏病之一,但病因尚不明确,多表现为发热、球结膜充血、口唇樱红皲裂、皮疹、淋巴结肿大等血管炎性症状,严重者可导致冠状动脉瘤(coronary artery aneurysm,CAA)等冠脉损害的发生,危害儿童的身体健康。静脉注射免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)使得KD患儿冠状动脉损害发生率显著下降,但10%~20%的KD患儿会出现IVIG耐药,并且IVIG耐药病例冠状动脉损害发生率更高[1]。因此,及时、有效地预测IVIG耐药发生的风险,对改善KD患儿治疗效果及预后有重要意义。既往研究显示,KD患儿IVIG耐药发生率随治疗前发热时间不同而异[2]。因此,根据治疗前发热时间长短不同,分别评估长短热程KD患儿IVIG耐药的危险因素,可能会更利于临床中对IVIG耐药病例的识别。但目前对KD治疗前发热时间与IVIG耐药相关性的研究数量不多[3,4,5],且研究内容多关注于IVIG开始治疗时间的早晚与冠状动脉损害或IVIG耐药的关系,因此本研究旨在根据IVIG治疗前发热时间不同,探讨KD患儿IVIG耐药的危险因素,以期为临床医生诊断提供参考。


1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

回顾性选取2018年1月至2020年12月在青岛妇女儿童医院住院的KD患儿317例为研究对象。纳入标准:符合2017年美国心脏协会发布的KD诊断标准[1],即符合以下KD主要临床特征中的5~6项:发热、双眼球结膜充血、口唇及口腔改变、皮疹、手足硬肿及恢复期脱皮、非化脓性颈部淋巴结肿大,并接受IVIG (2 g/kg)及阿司匹林治疗;临床资料及实验室资料完整。排除标准:血培养阳性的败血症病例;再发KD病例;KD恢复期病例;合并肿瘤、血液系统疾病、先天畸形、遗传代谢性疾病等。Kobayashi等[2]研究显示IVIG治疗前热程≤4 d的KD患儿IVIG耐药评分明显高于热程>4 d患儿。由此,根据患儿IVIG治疗前发热(体温≥38℃)时间分为短热程组(发热≤4 d)和长热程组(发热>4 d)。IVIG耐药定义为接受首剂IVIG治疗后36 h仍有发热或退热后重新发热,需要第2剂IVIG或其他挽救治疗[1]。


1.2 观察指标

回顾性收集患儿的住院病历资料,包括:性别、就诊年龄、IVIG治疗前发热时间、是否IVIG耐药、是否合并CAA(根据日本循环学会最新KD心血管后遗症诊断及管理指南[6],Z值≥2.5定义为CAA)、超声心动图检查结果、治疗用药,以及治疗前白细胞(white blood cell,WBC)计数、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、血小板(platelet,PLT)计数、C反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、血钠、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase isoenzymes,CK-MB)、N末端B型利钠肽原(N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide,NT-pro BNP)等实验室指标。


1.3 统计学分析

采用spss 23.0统计软件对数据进行统计学分析。正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差表示,两组间比较采用两样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料用中位数(四分位数间距)[M (P25,P75)]表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料采用例数或百分率(%)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。将单因素分析有统计学意义的变量纳入多因素logistic回归分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。


2 结果

2.1 不同热程患儿基线资料情况

本研究共纳入317例KD患儿,短热程组92例,男55例,女37例;年龄最小者1个月10 d,年龄最大者8岁,中位年龄1.2岁;IVIG耐药19例,占比20.7%,并发CAA 5例,占比5.4%。长热程组225例,男139例,女86例;年龄最小者2个月2 d,年龄最大者10岁,中位年龄1.5岁;IVIG耐药22例,占比9.8%,并发CAA 19例,占比8.4%。短热程组IVIG耐药发生率显著高于长热程组(χ2=292.000,P<0.001),而CAA的发生率在不同热程组间比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.333,P=0.067)。


按照是否IVIG耐药将不同热程组患儿分为非IVIG耐药组和IVIG耐药组。年龄、性别、身高、体重在不同热程的IVIG耐药组和非IVIG耐药组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。住院时间在不同热程的IVIG耐药组均明显长于非IVIG耐药组(P<0.05)。在长热程组中,IVIG耐药组患儿合并CAA比例显著高于非IVIG耐药组患儿(P<0.05)。见表1~2。


2.2 不同热程患儿治疗前实验室指标变化

在短热程组中,IVIG耐药组患儿治疗前血钠水平低于非IVIG耐药组患儿,而PCT、CRP及NT-pro BNP水平则明显高于非IVIG耐药组患儿(P<0.05);在长热程组中,IVIG耐药组患儿治疗前血钠及CK水平低于非IVIG耐药组患儿(P<0.05)。见表3~4。


2.3 不同热程组根据是否IVIG耐药行多因素分析

将是否IVIG耐药作为因变量,上述结果中有统计学意义的结果作为自变量,分别在不同热程患儿中进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果显示,治疗前血钠水平降低与长热程KD患儿IVIG耐药具有相关性(P<0.05);在短热程患儿中,各变量与IVIG耐药之间的关联差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表5~6。


3 讨论

虽然IVIG治疗能够显著降低KD患儿冠状动脉损害等并发症的发生,但部分患儿存在IVIG耐药的问题仍困扰临床医生。近年来,预测KD患儿是否发生IVIG耐药的研究屡见不鲜。日本学者Egami等[7]、Kobayashi等[2]和Sano等[8]曾分别提出预测KD患儿IVIG耐药的评分系统,但后续多个研究认为上述评分系统具有局限性[9,10,11,12]。KD作为一种血管炎性疾病,多种炎性指标均可以一定程度反映KD的炎症程度,但这些炎性指标在病程中是动态变化的,它们不仅与疾病的严重程度有关,也与疾病的持续时间密切相关。因此,推测在KD病程的不同阶段IVIG耐药的危险因素可能是不同的。故根据IVIG治疗前发热时间不同分析IVIG耐药的危险因素,提供可靠的预测指标,可能更利于临床对IVIG耐药病例的早期识别。


本研究根据IVIG治疗前发热时间将KD患儿分为短热程组和长热程组,分别比较长、短热程组IVIG耐药危险因素的不同。虽然既往根据IVIG治疗前发热时间进行分组的KD研究也有数篇,但得出结论也不同,如2011年Sittiwangkul等[3]从KD延迟诊断是否会导致CAA发生率升高的角度出发,回顾性分析了170名KD患儿的临床资料并分为两组(治疗前发热时间≤10 d和治疗前发热时间>10 d),得到延迟诊断会增加CAA风险的结论;Shiozawa等[4]比较发热4 d内及发热4 d后应用IVIG有效性的差异,认为KD患儿发热4 d内应用IVIG会增加其耐药风险;Li等[5]评估了KD患儿冠状动脉损害与IVIG给药时间的相关性,认为发热5~7 d内给药可有效预防冠状动脉损害的发生。此外,以上研究更关注IVIG治疗开始时间的早晚与CAA或IVIG耐药的关系,而对IVIG耐药发生的危险因素关注较少。韩国学者Ha等[13]虽根据IVIG治疗前发热时间不同比较IVIG耐药的危险因素,但分组时间及研究结果上与本研究不同。本研究结果显示,在短热程组,IVIG耐药患儿治疗前血钠水平低于非IVIG耐药患儿,而PCT、CRP及NT-pro BNP水平则明显高于非IVIG耐药患儿;在长热程组,IVIG耐药患儿治疗前血钠及CK水平低于非IVIG耐药患儿;进一步的多因素logistic回归分析显示,低血钠与长热程组IVIG耐药具有相关性。虽然本研究与Ha等[13]的研究在分组及结果上不同,但均认为IVIG耐药的危险因素随治疗前发热时间不同而异。因此,根据不同热程分别建立IVIG耐药预测模型,可能会更准确地判断IVIG耐药发生的概率。


既往研究认为低血钠是KD患儿IVIG耐药的重要预测指标之一,其中临界值在133~135.35 mmol/L之间[2,14,15,16]。此外,低血钠是KD患儿并发CAA最有效的预测标志物[2],提示血钠水平对KD病情严重程度具有重要意义。本研究也发现,血钠在不同热程IVIG耐药组均明显低于非IVIG耐药组,且在长热程组中低血钠与IVIG耐药具有相关性。目前研究认为,KD患儿发生低血钠最可能的病理生理学机制是抗利尿激素(antidiuretic hormone,ADH)的分泌过多[17,18]。研究证实白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α等细胞因子参与了KD急性期的炎症反应[19],且在IVIG耐药患儿较非IVIG耐药患儿明显升高[20]。而白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α具有促进ADH释放的作用[21],而ADH增多导致机体血容量增加,血钠降低[17]。但本研究显示,血钠在治疗前发热时间≤4 d的KD患儿中不具有预测价值,提示血钠对IVIG耐药的预测价值因治疗前发热时间不同而异。此外,有研究显示血钠对IVIG耐药的预测与年龄有相关性,对大于1岁KD患儿血钠预测性更好[22]。但本研究没有根据年龄进行分组,所以尚不能判断年龄对血钠预测IVIG耐药的影响。


本研究显示,在IVIG治疗前发热时间≤4 d的KD患儿中,各变量与IVIG耐药间关联无统计学意义。Ha等[13]研究也显示,治疗前热程≤3 d的KD病例,IVIG耐药的预测指标中无阳性实验室指标。因此考虑治疗前短热程组无阳性结果可能与疾病自然病程有关,也可能与本研究病例数量较少或短热程组与长热程组比例不佳等有关;同时该结果也反映出KD早期阶段诊断的困难性。


综上,本研究结果表明KD患儿IVIG耐药的危险因素随IVIG治疗前发热时间不同而异,在IVIG治疗前发热时间>4 d的KD患儿中低血钠与IVIG耐药具有相关性。但本研究为回顾性研究,可能存在选择偏倚的情况;且病例数量有限,为地区性、单中心研究,在推论到其他地区时需慎重。


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